VAR
A criterion for the measurement of market risks that takes a probability-based approach, quantifying risk according to the maximum loss that it is expected may be generated with a given probability. It is based of historical price changes for a single position or an entire securities portfolio and refers to a specific holding period.

Value adjustments
Writedowns, amortisation, or depreciation of assets.

Venture capital
Capital invested in projects that involve considerable risk (e.g., funding start-up companies).

Volatility
A measurement of the fluctuation of the price of a security over a certain period of time. It is calculated by annualised standard deviation in daily price fluctuation. It is a measurement of the risk associated with an investment.